For example, resistors types include thick film (resistive ink on ceramic), metal film (nichrome), carbon film, carbon composition, and wirewound. Important specifications and parameters include the power rating (constant power and pulse handling), tolerance, temperature coefficient, and voltage coefficient (nonlinearity). Notable parasitics are the series inductance, the parallel capacitance, thermocouple effects, and excess noise. See references [1] and [2].
Let's look at an example of specifying a resistor part: Panasonic thick-film chip resistors (ERJ series)
- E24 and E96 series values
- Sizes: everything from 01005 to 2512
- Power: 1/32 W to 1 W (based on size)
- Tolerance 0.5% or 1%
- Temperature coefficient: 50 ppm/C to 300 ppm/C
- Operating temperature range: −55C to +125C or +155C
Maximum power rating is a function of package size (and type, tolerance, and temperature). The power in a resistor is P = V2/R. Thus, the maximum voltage that can be applied across a resistor is a function of its power rating V = sqrt(PR). For a 01005 resistor (0.031 watts) with value 100 Ω, this limit is only 1.7 volts. For a 2512 resistor (1 watt) with value 1 MΩ, this limit is 1000 volts. However, the package may have a much lower maximum voltage rating (in this case, the limiting element voltage (LEV) is 200 volts). The rated continuous working voltage (RCWV) is the lower of the two numbers sqrt(PR) and LEV.
The maximum power rating has to be derated above 70C.
Most Unnecessary Disclaimer Award: "These products generate Joule heat when energized. Carefully position these products so that their heat will not affect the other components."
Capacitors can be friend or foe. There are many different varieties of capacitors, and they all have their own strengths and weaknesses. See references [1] and [2]. There are a large number of properties that we can use to compare capacitors, including value, voltage, size, self time constant, temperature coefficient, dielectric absorption [3], effective series resistance and, of course, cost.
The choice of dielectric has a big effect on the quality and properties of the capacitor.
- Bypass types: aluminum electrolytic, tantalum electrolytic, high- K ceramic
- Filter types: NPO ceramic, polycarbonate, polyester
- Sample-and-hold types: teflon, mica, polystyrene, polypropylene
Be aware of the effects of voltage and temperature. Some types of capacitors undergo huge variations over the range of operating voltage and temperature (these plots are from the LT1763 datasheet). Note the huge variation of Y5V types.
Example 1: AVX tantalum capacitors (TPS series, low ESR)
- Values: 0.15 μF to 1500 μF (E6 series, 1.0 1.5 2.2 3.3 4.7 6.8)
- Sizes: 0805 to 2924 (see table of custom case codes)
- Voltage: 2.5 V to 50 V (derate by 2/3 above 85C)
- Tolerance 10% or 20%
- Effective series resistance (ESR): 0.03 Ω to 9 Ω (see chart)
- Operating temperature range: −55C to +125C
- Table of case sizes
- Decoding the part number
- Rated voltage and surge voltage (and derating)
- Table of capacitance, voltage, and ESR
- DCL, DF, ESR, RMS current, and RMS voltage
- GRM tin-plated layer capacitor
- 18 size 1.6x0.8mm (0603)
- 8 thickness 0.8mm
- R7 temperature X7R type −55C to +125C, change ±15%
- 1E rated voltage 25V
- 153 capacitance 15,000 pF (E6 series)
- K tolerance ±10%
- A01 internal specification code
- D paper tape
- Decoding the part number, pages 15–17
- Actual capacitor listed on page 70
- Temperature characteristics, page 119
- Soldering and mounting, page 129
References:
[1] James Bryant, Walt Jung, and Walt Kester, "Passive components," in Op Amp Applications, Walter G. Jung, Ed. Norwood, Mass.: Analog Devices, 2002, ch. 7-1, pp. 7.1–7.24.
[2] Robert A. Pease, Troubleshooting Analog Circuits. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.
[3] Robert A. Pease, "Understand capacitor soakage to optimize analog systems," EDN, p. 125, Oct. 13, 1982.
[4] Jim Williams, "High speed amplifier techniques: A designer’s companion for wideband circuitry," Linear Technology Corp., Milpitas, Calif., Application Note 47, Aug. 1991.
Ağrı
ReplyDeleteDiyarbakır
Bolu
Elazığ
Siirt
TAC6
Antalya
ReplyDeleteAntep
Burdur
Sakarya
istanbul
FXA
elazığ
ReplyDeletebilecik
kilis
sakarya
yozgat
GNGM
görüntülüshow
ReplyDeleteücretli show
04CF
505C7
ReplyDeleteManisa Evden Eve Nakliyat
Kars Evden Eve Nakliyat
Çerkezköy Evden Eve Nakliyat
order winstrol stanozolol
order deca durabolin
order clenbuterol
fat burner for sale
buy boldenone
Ankara Evden Eve Nakliyat
9AEA6
ReplyDeleteKaraman Evden Eve Nakliyat
Çerkezköy Çilingir
Kilis Evden Eve Nakliyat
Kars Parça Eşya Taşıma
Uşak Lojistik
Isparta Parça Eşya Taşıma
Ardahan Evden Eve Nakliyat
Gümüşhane Parça Eşya Taşıma
Erzincan Evden Eve Nakliyat
D3646
ReplyDeleteYozgat Şehir İçi Nakliyat
Bayburt Şehirler Arası Nakliyat
Bitlis Evden Eve Nakliyat
Etimesgut Fayans Ustası
Silivri Çatı Ustası
Karapürçek Fayans Ustası
Cointiger Güvenilir mi
Aydın Evden Eve Nakliyat
Ardahan Evden Eve Nakliyat
3CAAC
ReplyDeleteBibox Güvenilir mi
Jns Coin Hangi Borsada
Dxgm Coin Hangi Borsada
Kocaeli Lojistik
Altındağ Fayans Ustası
Sinop Parça Eşya Taşıma
Pursaklar Fayans Ustası
Kütahya Lojistik
Ardahan Evden Eve Nakliyat
7085A
ReplyDeleteBilecik Görüntülü Sohbet Odaları
diyarbakır ücretsiz sohbet uygulamaları
kocaeli kadınlarla ücretsiz sohbet
denizli canlı görüntülü sohbet odaları
sohbet
maraş en iyi ücretsiz sohbet uygulamaları
kilis sohbet siteleri
Aydın Görüntülü Sohbet Kadınlarla
görüntülü sohbet canlı
BF7FA
ReplyDeletehttps://kapinagelsin.com.tr/
paribu
canlı sohbet
toptan mum
kucoin
paribu
gate io
mexc
binance 100 dolar
45465
ReplyDeletebinance
bitcoin nasıl oynanır
kraken
kripto kanalları telegram
January 2024 Calendar
mercatox
sohbet canlı
bitcoin nasıl üretilir
January 2024 Calendar
062E1
ReplyDeletewhatsapp ücretli şov
C4929
ReplyDeleteücretli show